Zsh — every common shell command

Default macOS shell since Catalina. Mostly bash-compatible with nicer globbing and prompts.

All seeded commands in Zsh (227)

Files (48)

add-contentPowerShell's append-to-file cmdlet — the equivalent of bash `>>` redirection that adds content to the end of an existing file.
```
echo "hello" >> file.txt
```
basenameStrip the directory part of a path, leaving only the final filename component.
```
basename /var/log/syslog
```
catPrint file contents to standard output.
```
cat file.txt
```
command-vPOSIX way to test whether a command exists and where it resolves.
```
command -v python3
```
copy-itemPowerShell's copy cmdlet — the cp equivalent.
```
cp source dest
```
cpCopy files and directories.
```
cp source dest
```
ddCopy and convert files at the block level — used for disk imaging, raw I/O, and filling test files.
```
dd if=input.bin of=output.bin bs=1M status=progress
```
dfReport mounted-filesystem free space and inode usage.
```
df -h
```
dirnameStrip the final filename component from a path, leaving only the directory part.
```
dirname /var/log/syslog
```
duSummarize disk usage of files and directories.
```
du -sh *
```
fileIdentify a file by its magic bytes, not its extension.
```
file image.bin
```
findLocate files by name, size, time, or other attributes.
```
find . -name "*.log"
```
get-childitemPowerShell's directory-listing cmdlet — the ls equivalent.
```
ls -la
```
get-commandPowerShell's command-introspection cmdlet — the which / type / command -v equivalent that returns rich CommandInfo objects.
```
whence -p jq
```
get-contentPowerShell's file-read cmdlet — the cat / tail equivalent.
```
cat file.txt
```
get-locationPowerShell's current-directory cmdlet — the pwd equivalent that returns a structured PathInfo object.
```
pwd
```
lessPage through a file with backward navigation and search.
```
less file.txt
```
lnCreate a hard link or symbolic link to a file or directory.
```
ln -s target linkname
```
lsList directory contents.
```
ls -la
```
lsblkList block devices (disks, partitions, LVM volumes, RAID arrays) as a tree showing size, mountpoint, and filesystem.
```
lsblk
```
md5sumPrint an MD5 hash of one or more files. Cryptographically broken — integrity-only.
```
md5sum file.bin
```
mkdirCreate a new directory.
```
mkdir dir
```
mktempCreate a uniquely-named temporary file (or directory) in a race-free way.
```
mktemp
```
moreView a file one screen at a time (basic pager).
```
more file.txt
```
mountAttach a filesystem (disk, image, network share) to a directory in the tree so its contents become accessible.
```
sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/data
```
move-itemPowerShell's move/rename cmdlet — the mv equivalent.
```
mv source dest
```
mvMove or rename files and directories.
```
mv source dest
```
new-itemPowerShell's create-file/directory cmdlet — like touch + mkdir.
```
touch file.txt
```
out-filePowerShell's pipeline-to-file cmdlet — the equivalent of bash `>` redirection that writes formatted text output to a file.
```
command > out.txt
```
readlinkPrint the target of a symbolic link, or the canonical path.
```
readlink -f ./symlink
```
realpathResolve a path to its absolute, canonical form.
```
realpath ./symlink
```
remove-itemPowerShell's delete cmdlet — the rm / rmdir / del equivalent.
```
rm file.txt
```
resolve-pathPowerShell's path-canonicalize cmdlet — the realpath equivalent.
```
echo ${file:A}
```
rmDelete files and directories.
```
rm file
```
set-contentPowerShell's verbatim file-writer cmdlet — the equivalent of bash `>` that overwrites a file with raw, unformatted content.
```
echo "hello" > file.txt
```
set-locationPowerShell's working-directory cmdlet — the cd equivalent that also navigates registry and other PowerShell providers.
```
cd /var/log
```
sha1sumPrint a SHA-1 hash of one or more files. Cryptographically broken — integrity-only.
```
sha1sum file.bin
```
sha256sumPrint a SHA-256 hash of one or more files.
```
sha256sum file.bin
```
sha512sumPrint a SHA-512 hash of one or more files — 128 hex chars, current best-practice for high-stakes integrity.
```
sha512sum file.bin
```
shasumBSD/macOS Perl wrapper that computes SHA-1 through SHA-512 hashes of files.
```
shasum -a 256 file.bin
```
statPrint a file's size, mode, owner, and timestamps.
```
stat file.txt
```
test-pathPowerShell's path-existence cmdlet — the bash [ -e ] equivalent.
```
[[ -e /etc/hosts ]]
```
touchCreate an empty file or update its modification time if it exists.
```
touch file.txt
```
treePrint a directory tree showing files and subdirectories.
```
tree
```
typeShow how a name is interpreted — builtin, function, alias, or file.
```
type ls
```
umountDetach a previously mounted filesystem from its directory in the tree, flushing pending writes first.
```
sudo umount /mnt/data
```
whereisLocate the binary, source, and manual page for a command.
```
whereis ls
```
whichLocate an executable in PATH and print its full path.
```
which python3
```

Text (46)

awkPattern scanning and processing language for structured text.
```
awk '{print $1}' file
```
bcArbitrary-precision command-line calculator that evaluates an expression and prints the result.
```
echo "2 + 2" | bc
```
cmpByte-by-byte comparison of two files — the binary counterpart to diff.
```
cmp a.bin b.bin
```
columnFormat whitespace- or delimiter-separated input into aligned columns.
```
column -t -s, file.csv
```
commCompare two SORTED files line by line, emitting three columns: only-in-file1, only-in-file2, in-both.
```
comm file1.txt file2.txt
```
compare-objectPowerShell's set-difference cmdlet — the diff equivalent for comparing two collections of objects or text.
```
diff file1 file2
```
convertfrom-jsonParse a JSON string into PowerShell objects you can pipe and filter.
```
curl -s https://api.example.com/users | jq '.[] | .name'
```
convertto-jsonSerialise a PowerShell object graph to a JSON string.
```
jq -n --arg name alice '{name: $name}'
```
cutExtract sections (fields or characters) from each line.
```
cut -d',' -f1 file.csv
```
diffCompare two files or directories line-by-line and report the differences.
```
diff file1.txt file2.txt
```
echoPrint arguments to standard output, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
```
echo "hello world"
```
export-csvWrite PowerShell objects to a CSV file with a header row.
```
echo -e "name,age\nalice,30\nbob,25" > users.csv
```
grepSearch file contents for a pattern.
```
grep -r "pattern" .
```
group-objectPowerShell's grouping cmdlet — the `sort | uniq -c` equivalent that buckets items by a property and returns counts plus the underlying groups.
```
sort file.txt | uniq -c
```
headOutput the first lines of a file.
```
head -n 10 file
```
hexdumpBSD-style hexadecimal dump — flexible format strings for byte-level inspection.
```
hexdump -C file.bin
```
iconvConvert text between character encodings (UTF-8, UTF-16, Latin-1, GBK, …) with optional transliteration.
```
iconv -f UTF-8 -t UTF-16LE input.txt > output.txt
```
import-csvRead a CSV file into PowerShell objects, inferring property names from the header row.
```
awk -F, 'NR>1 {print $1}' users.csv
```
jqCommand-line JSON processor — filter, transform, and build JSON from the shell.
```
curl -s https://api.example.com/users | jq '.[] | .name'
```
measure-objectPowerShell's aggregation cmdlet — counts items and computes sum/min/max/average, similar to wc plus awk arithmetic.
```
wc -l file.txt
```
nlNumber the lines of a file (or stdin), emitting line numbers followed by each line.
```
nl file.txt
```
odDump file contents in octal, hexadecimal, decimal, or character form — for binary inspection.
```
od -c file.bin
```
pasteMerge corresponding lines of two or more files side-by-side, tab-separated by default.
```
paste a.txt b.txt
```
patchApply a unified diff to source files, transforming them in place.
```
patch -p1 < changes.patch
```
sedStream editor for filtering and transforming text.
```
sed 's/old/new/g' file
```
select-objectPowerShell's projection cmdlet — picks specific properties or the first/last N objects, like cut + head + tail combined.
```
command | head -n 10
```
select-stringPowerShell's pattern-search cmdlet — the grep equivalent.
```
grep "pattern" file.txt
```
seqGenerate an arithmetic sequence of numbers (1, 2, 3, … N) — one per line by default.
```
seq 1 10
```
sortSort lines of text.
```
sort file
```
sort-objectPowerShell's sort cmdlet — sorts pipeline objects by one or more properties.
```
command | sort -k3 -n -r
```
splitSplit a large file into smaller chunks by line count, byte size, or chunk count.
```
split -l 1000 huge.txt chunk_
```
stringsExtract printable ASCII (and optionally UTF-16) sequences from binary files.
```
strings file.bin
```
tacConcatenate and print files in reverse line order.
```
tac file.txt
```
tailOutput the last lines of a file.
```
tail -n 10 file
```
teeRead stdin and write to both stdout and one or more files at once.
```
command | tee output.txt
```
trTranslate or delete characters from input.
```
tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' < file
```
uniqFilter adjacent duplicate lines.
```
sort file | uniq
```
wcCount lines, words, or bytes.
```
wc -l file
```
where-objectPowerShell's pipeline filter cmdlet — the awk/grep equivalent for filtering objects by property.
```
command | awk '$3 > 100'
```
write-hostPowerShell's host-UI writer — the coloured-banner echo that bypasses the pipeline and prints directly to the terminal.
```
echo "hello"
```
write-outputPowerShell's pipeline-emitter cmdlet — the echo equivalent that sends objects, not just text, down the pipeline.
```
echo "hello"
```
xargsBuild and execute command lines from standard input.
```
find . -name '*.tmp' | xargs rm
```
xmllintParse, validate, and query XML documents on the command line — from the libxml2 project. XPath queries, DTD/XSD validation, pretty-printing, and XInclude resolution.
```
xmllint --xpath "//book[@id='1']/title/text()" books.xml
```
xxdHexadecimal dump utility — show file contents as hex bytes plus ASCII gutter.
```
xxd file.bin
```
yesEmit a string (default "y") repeatedly until killed — used to auto-confirm interactive prompts.
```
yes | apt remove some-package
```
yqQuery, transform, and edit YAML, JSON, TOML, and XML on the command line — the jq-shaped tool for non-JSON config formats. TWO competing implementations: mikefarah/yq (Go, jq-syntax-compatible) and kislyuk/yq (Python, jq-wrapper).
```
yq '.spec.replicas' deployment.yaml
```

Shell (57)

aliasCreate a shortcut name for a longer command line.
```
alias ll='ls -la'
```
aptInstall, upgrade, and remove packages on Debian / Ubuntu / Mint via the APT package manager — the canonical "install software" command for Debian-family Linux.
```
sudo apt install nginx
```
bang-bangHistory expansion `!!` — repeat the previous command.
```
!!
```
bang-dollarHistory expansion `!$` — last argument of the previous command.
```
!$
```

breakExit the innermost (or N-th enclosing) loop.

for i in 1 2 3; do [[ $i = 2 ]] && break; echo $i; done

brewInstall, upgrade, and remove packages on macOS (and Linux) via Homebrew — the de-facto macOS package manager, also installable as Linuxbrew on Debian / RHEL.
```
brew install ripgrep
```
clear-hostPowerShell's terminal-clearing cmdlet — the clear / cls equivalent that wipes the visible scrollback.
```
clear
```
continueSkip to the next iteration of the innermost (or N-th enclosing) loop.
```
for i in 1 2 3; do [[ $i = 2 ]] && continue; echo $i; done
```
datePrint the current date and time, or format an arbitrary date — the surface you reach for to timestamp logs, name backup files, or compute "now minus N days".
```
date
```
declareDeclare a variable, an array, or set variable attributes.
```
typeset -i count=0
```
dialogGenerate ncurses-style TUI widgets (menus, prompts, checkboxes, gauges, password fields) from shell scripts — capture user input as exit-code + stderr text.
```
dialog --inputbox "Enter your name:" 8 40 2>/tmp/result && name=$(cat /tmp/result)
```
double-bracket[[ ]] extended test in bash/zsh with regex and patterns.
```
[[ $name == "alice" ]]
```
envPrint the current environment variables — every `NAME=value` pair exported into the running process, plus the gateway for running a command with a modified environment.
```
env
```
evalParse and execute a string as if it were a shell command.
```
eval "$cmd"
```
execReplace the current shell with another program.
```
exec python script.py
```
exitTerminate the current shell or script with an optional exit status.
```
exit 0
```
expectAutomate interactive command-line programs — Tcl-based scripting tool that "expects" patterns in a program's output and "sends" responses, like a programmable user.
```
expect -c 'spawn ssh user@host; expect "password:"; send "secret\r"; interact'
```
exportSet an environment variable and mark it for export to child processes.
```
export NAME=value
```
exprEvaluate an expression (POSIX arithmetic / string ops).
```
expr 2 + 3
```
fcEdit and re-run the previous command in $EDITOR.
```
fc
```
foreach-objectPowerShell's pipeline-loop cmdlet — the xargs / while-read equivalent for running a block per object.
```
command | while read -r line; do echo $line; done
```
functionDefine a reusable named function in a shell script.
```
greet() { echo "hi $1"; }
```
get-datePowerShell's current-time and date-arithmetic cmdlet.
```
date
```
get-helpPowerShell's documentation cmdlet — the man / info equivalent that pulls help text for cmdlets, functions, and conceptual topics.
```
man grep
```
get-memberPowerShell object introspection — list properties, methods, and events on an object.
```
typeset -p VAR
```
getoptsParse short option flags inside a shell script.
```
while getopts "ab:c" opt; do ...; done
```
gpgOpenPGP encryption, signing, and key management — GnuPG.
```
gpg --encrypt --recipient RECIPIENT-KEY-ID file
```
groupsList the groups a user belongs to — controlling which files, devices, and capabilities the user can access via group permissions.
```
groups
```
historyShow previously run commands from the shell history.
```
history
```
idPrint the current user's UID, GID, and group memberships.
```
id
```
invoke-expressionPowerShell's runtime string-evaluator cmdlet — the `eval` equivalent that parses and executes a string as code. Powerful and dangerous.
```
eval "$cmd_string"
```
letBash/zsh arithmetic-evaluation builtin — assign integer expressions to variables.
```
let "x = y * 2"
```
manDisplay the manual page for a command — the canonical authoritative documentation that ships with the binary, before tutorials or Stack Overflow answers.
```
man grep
```
passwdChange a user account password — set, expire, lock, or unlock.
```
passwd
```
pipInstall, upgrade, and remove Python packages from PyPI — Python's standard package manager, identical CLI across Linux, macOS, and Windows.
```
pip install requests
```
printenvPrint the value of a specific environment variable (or all of them) — `env` without the subprocess-launching machinery, optimised for scripts that just want to read.
```
printenv PATH
```
printfPrint formatted text using C-style format specifiers like %s and %d.
```
printf "%s\n" "hello"
```
readRead a line of input into one or more shell variables interactively.
```
read "name?Name: "
```
read-hostPowerShell interactive prompt — read a string (or SecureString) from the user.
```
read "name?Enter name: "
```
returnExit a shell function with a numeric status code.
```
return 1
```
rpmInstall, query, verify, and uninstall individual `.rpm` package files on RHEL / CentOS / Fedora / SUSE — the low-level package backend underneath yum/dnf/zypper.
```
sudo rpm -ivh package.rpm
```
setToggle shell options like errexit/xtrace and set positional parameters.
```
set -euo pipefail
```
sleepPause execution for a number of seconds.
```
sleep 5
```
sourceLoad a script into the current shell so its definitions persist.
```
source ~/.zshrc
```
testEvaluate a conditional — file tests, string and number comparisons.
```
test -f /etc/hosts
```
timeMeasure how long a command takes to run.
```
time some_command
```
timesShow accumulated CPU time used by the shell and its children.
```
times
```
tmuxTerminal multiplexer — keep multiple shell sessions alive in one terminal, detach and reattach across SSH disconnects, and split panes for side-by-side work.
```
tmux new -s work
```
trapRun a handler when the shell receives a signal or exits.
```
trap 'cleanup' EXIT
```
typesetDeclare a variable or set its attributes (zsh canonical name).
```
typeset -i count=0
```
ulimitRead or set the shell process's resource limits (open files, stack, memory, …).
```
ulimit -n 8192
```
unaliasRemove an alias previously defined with alias.
```
unalias ll
```
unsetRemove a shell variable or function from the current environment.
```
unset FOO
```
waitPause until background jobs or processes finish.
```
wait
```
whoShow who is currently logged in — listing each active session with username, terminal, login time, and remote host.
```
who
```
whoamiPrint the effective username of the current process — the identity files would be created as and that permissions checks resolve against.
```
whoami
```
yumInstall, upgrade, and remove packages on RHEL / CentOS / Fedora / Amazon Linux via YUM (Yellowdog Updater, Modified) — the RPM-family package manager, succeeded by `dnf` in RHEL 8+.
```
sudo yum install nginx
```

cdChange the current working directory.
```
cd /path/to/dir
```
dirsList the directory stack built up by pushd and popd.
```
dirs -v
```
pop-locationPowerShell's popd — return to the directory most recently pushed.
```
popd
```
popdPop the top directory off the directory stack and cd into it.
```
popd
```
push-locationPowerShell's pushd — save the current directory on a stack, then cd.
```
pushd /etc
```
pushdPush the current directory onto a stack and cd into a new one.
```
pushd /tmp
```
pwdPrint the current working directory.
```
pwd
```

Process (26)

bgResume a stopped (Ctrl+Z’d) job and run it in the background.
```
bg %1
```
crontabSchedule recurring commands on Unix — the user's `crontab` file lists `<minute> <hour> <day> <month> <weekday> <command>` entries that cron runs in the background.
```
crontab -e
```
disownRemove a background job from the shell's job table so it survives shell exit.
```
long-job &; disown
```
dmesgPrint the kernel ring buffer — boot-time hardware probes, device hot-plug events, OOM killer activity, and other kernel-level diagnostics that don't go to userspace logs.
```
dmesg -T | tail -50
```
fgBring a background or stopped job to the foreground.
```
fg %1
```
freeDisplay the system's used and free memory — total RAM, used, free, shared, buffer/cache, and swap, for quick "is this box memory-pressured" checks.
```
free -h
```
get-processPowerShell's process-listing cmdlet — the ps equivalent.
```
ps -ef
```
get-servicePowerShell's service-listing cmdlet — like systemctl or service.
```
launchctl list
```
jobsList background and stopped jobs in the current shell session.
```
jobs
```
journalctlQuery the systemd journal — the central binary log database on systemd-based Linux systems where boot logs, service stdout/stderr, and kernel ring buffer all live.
```
journalctl -u nginx -f
```
killSend a signal to a process (typically to terminate it).
```
kill <pid>
```
lsofList open files — including regular files, sockets, pipes, devices, and the processes holding them.
```
lsof -i :8080
```
niceLaunch a process with an adjusted scheduling priority (niceness).
```
nice -n 10 ./long-running-job.sh
```
nohupRun a command immune to SIGHUP so it survives the terminal closing.
```
nohup long-running-cmd &
```
pgrepFind PIDs (and optionally command lines) of running processes by name or other attribute — the lookup half of pkill/pgrep.
```
pgrep firefox
```
pidofReturn the PID(s) of a running process by exact name — the simpler, Linux-only cousin of pgrep.
```
pidof firefox
```
pkillKill processes by name (or other attribute) without first looking up the PID.
```
pkill firefox
```
psList a snapshot of currently running processes.
```
ps aux
```
reniceChange the scheduling priority of an already-running process.
```
renice -n 10 -p 1234
```
screenDetachable terminal multiplexer — sessions survive disconnects.
```
screen -S work
```
start-processPowerShell's process-launcher cmdlet — the equivalent of background `&` / `nohup` / `Start` for spawning detached or elevated processes.
```
long-task &
```
stop-servicePowerShell's stop-service cmdlet — like systemctl stop.
```
sudo launchctl bootout system/com.example.svc
```
straceTrace system calls and signals received by a running process — Linux's ptrace-based syscall debugger. The canonical "why did my program fail with no useful error" tool.
```
strace -f -e trace=openat,connect ./myprogram
```
systemctlControl systemd services — start, stop, enable at boot, and inspect status — on every modern Linux distro.
```
sudo systemctl restart nginx
```
topInteractive process viewer — show running processes sorted by CPU or memory, refreshed in place.
```
top
```
unamePrint kernel and OS identification — what kernel version, machine architecture, and OS family the script is running on, for portability branching.
```
uname -a
```

Network (27)

curlTransfer data from or to a server over HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and many other protocols.
```
curl https://example.com
```
digQuery DNS records (A, AAAA, MX, TXT) with richer output than nslookup.
```
dig example.com
```
ftpTransfer files over FTP — legacy plaintext protocol; prefer SFTP today.
```
ftp ftp.example.com
```
hostSimple DNS lookup with one-line output, simpler than dig.
```
host example.com
```
ifconfigThe legacy network interface configurator — still primary on macOS/BSD, deprecated on most Linux distros but still installed.
```
ifconfig
```
invoke-restmethodPowerShell's REST and JSON HTTP client — curl that auto-deserialises the response.
```
curl -s https://api.example.com/users/1 | jq
```
invoke-webrequestPowerShell's HTTP cmdlet — the curl / wget equivalent.
```
curl https://example.com
```
ipThe modern Linux network utility (from `iproute2`) — manages addresses, links, routes, neighbours, tunnels, and namespaces.
```
ip addr show
```
ncNetcat — read/write arbitrary TCP and UDP data. Used for port probes, one-shot listeners, file transfer, and quick socket debugging.
```
nc -zv host 80
```
netstatShow network connections, listening ports, routing tables, and interface statistics.
```
ss -tunlp
```
nslookupQuery DNS records (A, AAAA, MX, TXT, etc.) for a hostname.
```
nslookup example.com
```
pingSend ICMP echo requests to test reachability and round-trip latency.
```
ping example.com
```
rloginRemote login — DEPRECATED unencrypted predecessor to ssh.
```
ssh user@host
```
routeDisplay and manipulate the IP routing table — the rules that decide which interface and gateway each outbound packet uses.
```
route -n
```
rshRemote shell — DEPRECATED unencrypted predecessor to ssh.
```
ssh user@host command
```
rsyncEfficient file and directory sync, transferring only changed parts.
```
rsync -av src/ dest/
```
scpSecurely copy files between hosts over SSH.
```
scp local.txt user@host:/tmp/
```
sftpInteractive file transfer over SSH — the secure replacement for FTP.
```
sftp user@host
```
ssSocket statistics — the modern Linux replacement for `netstat`, querying kernel sockets directly via netlink.
```
ss -tuln
```
sshOpen a secure shell on a remote host or run a remote command.
```
ssh user@host
```
ssh-keygenGenerate, inspect, and manage SSH key pairs — the asymmetric credentials used by SSH for passwordless authentication and host verification.
```
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "[email protected]"
```
telnetOpen a plaintext TCP session — legacy terminal + port-probe tool.
```
telnet example.com 25
```
test-connectionPowerShell's reachability-check cmdlet — the ping equivalent that returns structured objects and supports TCP port tests since pwsh 7.
```
ping -c 4 example.com
```
tracepathTrace the network path to a destination — listing each hop and its round-trip time, without root privileges.
```
tracepath google.com
```
traceroutePrint the route packets take to a network host — hop-by-hop, with per-hop round-trip times — by sending probes with incrementing TTL values.
```
traceroute google.com
```
wgetNon-interactive network downloader for HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP.
```
wget https://example.com/file.zip
```
whoisLook up domain registration / WHOIS records.
```
whois example.com
```

Archive (7)

7zCreate, extract, and inspect 7-Zip archives (.7z, .zip, .tar.gz, and 30+ other formats) with strong LZMA2 compression and AES-256 encryption.
```
7z x archive.7z
```
bzip2Compress / decompress single files using the bzip2 (BWT + Huffman) algorithm — better ratio than gzip, slower, single-threaded.
```
bzip2 -k file.txt
```
gzipCompress (or decompress) a single file in place using the DEFLATE algorithm.
```
gzip file
```
tarBundle and unbundle files into a single archive (often combined with gzip / bzip2 / xz).
```
tar -czf archive.tar.gz dir/
```
unzipExtract files from a ZIP archive — the read side of `zip`, available on every Unix and (since Windows 10 1803) via the bundled bsdtar.
```
unzip archive.zip
```
xzCompress / decompress files using the LZMA2 algorithm — best ratio of any mainstream compressor, slow at compress, fast at decompress, multi-threaded by default.
```
xz -T0 -9 file.txt
```
zipPackage and compress files into a ZIP archive.
```
zip -r archive.zip dir/
```

Permissions (9)

chgrpChange the group ownership of a file or directory on Unix systems.
```
chgrp devs file
```
chmodChange file mode bits (read / write / execute permissions) on Unix files.
```
chmod 755 file
```
chownChange the owner (and optionally the group) of a file or directory.
```
chown user file
```
getfaclDisplay the POSIX.1e ACL of a file or directory — the per-user / per-group grants beyond the basic owner/group/other mode bits.
```
getfacl file.txt
```
setfaclSet or modify the POSIX.1e ACL of a file or directory — grant per-user / per-group access beyond the basic owner/group/other mode bits.
```
setfacl -m u:alice:rwx file.txt
```
suSwitch to another user's identity in the current terminal — usually for becoming root or testing as a specific user.
```
su - alice
```
sudoExecute a command with another user's privileges — usually root — without logging out and back in.
```
sudo apt update
```
umaskSet or display the default permission MASK for newly-created files and directories.
```
umask 022
```
usermodModify an existing user account — change username, home directory, shell, primary group, supplementary groups, lock / unlock the account, or set the expiration date.
```
sudo usermod -aG docker alice
```

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